16:18 You must appoint judges and civil servants 22 for each tribe in all your villages 23 that the Lord your God is giving you, and they must judge the people fairly. 24
22:1 When you see 31 your neighbor’s 32 ox or sheep going astray, do not ignore it; 33 you must return it without fail 34 to your neighbor.
22:8 If you build a new house, you must construct a guard rail 35 around your roof to avoid being culpable 36 in the event someone should fall from it.
22:22 If a man is caught having sexual relations with 39 a married woman 40 both the man who had relations with the woman and the woman herself must die; in this way you will purge 41 evil from Israel.
24:7 If a man is found kidnapping a person from among his fellow Israelites, 43 and regards him as mere property 44 and sells him, that kidnapper 45 must die. In this way you will purge 46 evil from among you.
24:8 Be careful during an outbreak of leprosy to follow precisely 47 all that the Levitical priests instruct you; as I have commanded them, so you should do.
1 tn Heb “the
2 tn Heb “may prolong your days”; NAB “may have long life”; TEV “will continue to live.”
3 tn Heb “repeat” (so NLT). If from the root I שָׁנַן (shanan), the verb means essentially to “engrave,” that is, “to teach incisively” (Piel); note NAB “Drill them into your children.” Cf. BDB 1041-42 s.v.
4 tn Or “as you are away on a journey” (cf. NRSV, TEV, NLT); NAB “at home and abroad.”
5 tn Heb “upright.”
6 tn Heb “the
7 tn Heb “to your son.”
8 tn Heb “by a strong hand.” The image is that of a warrior who, with weapon in hand, overcomes his enemies. The
9 tn Heb “heart and soul” or “heart and being.” See note on the word “being” in Deut 6:5.
10 tn On the Hebrew term טוֹטָפֹת (totafot, “reminders”), cf. Deut 6:4-9.
11 sn Mount Gerizim…Mount Ebal. These two mountains are near the ancient site of Shechem and the modern city of Nablus. The valley between them is like a great amphitheater with the mountain slopes as seating sections. The place was sacred because it was there that Abraham pitched his camp and built his first altar after coming to Canaan (Gen 12:6). Jacob also settled at Shechem for a time and dug a well from which Jesus once requested a drink of water (Gen 33:18-20; John 4:5-7). When Joshua and the Israelites finally brought Canaan under control they assembled at Shechem as Moses commanded and undertook a ritual of covenant reaffirmation (Josh 8:30-35; 24:1, 25). Half the tribes stood on Mt. Gerizim and half on Mt. Ebal and in antiphonal chorus pledged their loyalty to the
12 tc Again, to complete a commonly attested wording the LXX adds after “choose” the phrase “to place his name there.” This shows insensitivity to deliberate departures from literary stereotypes. The MT reading is to be preferred.
13 sn These other sacrifices would be so-called peace or fellowship offerings whose ritual required a different use of the blood from that of burnt (sin and trespass) offerings (cf. Lev 3; 7:11-14, 19-21).
14 tn Heb “on the altar of the
15 tn The Hebrew text uses the infinitive absolute for emphasis, which the translation indicates with “make sure.”
16 tn Heb “your brother.”
17 tn The Hebrew text uses the infinitive absolute for emphasis, which the translation indicates with “generously.”
18 tn The Hebrew phrase חַג שָׁבֻעוֹת (khag shavu’ot) is otherwise known in the OT (Exod 23:16) as קָצִיר (qatsir, “harvest”) and in the NT as πεντηχοστή (penthcosth, “Pentecost”).
19 tn Heb “the sufficiency of the offering of your hand.”
20 tn Heb “the
21 tn Heb “in your gates.”
22 tn The Hebrew term וְשֹׁטְרִים (vÿshoterim), usually translated “officers” (KJV, NCV) or “officials” (NAB, NIV, NRSV, NLT), derives from the verb שֹׁטֵר (shoter, “to write”). The noun became generic for all types of public officials. Here, however, it may be appositionally epexegetical to “judges,” thus resulting in the phrase, “judges, that is, civil officers,” etc. Whoever the שֹׁטְרִים are, their task here consists of rendering judgments and administering justice.
23 tn Heb “gates.”
24 tn Heb “with judgment of righteousness”; ASV, NASB “with righteous judgment.”
25 tn Heb “judgment”; KJV, NASB, NRSV “the priest’s due.”
26 tn Heb “the firstfruits of your…” (so NIV).
27 tn The גֹאֵל הַדָּם (go’el haddam, “avenger of blood”) would ordinarily be a member of the victim’s family who, after due process of law, was invited to initiate the process of execution (cf. Num 35:16-28). See R. Hubbard, NIDOTTE 1:789-94.
28 tn The appositional construction (“before the
29 tn Heb “if it answers you peace.”
30 tn Heb “become as a vassal and will serve you.” The Hebrew term translated slaves (מַס, mas) refers either to Israelites who were pressed into civil service, especially under Solomon (1 Kgs 5:27; 9:15, 21; 12:18), or (as here) to foreigners forced as prisoners of war to become slaves to Israel. The Gibeonites exemplify this type of servitude (Josh 9:3-27; cf. Josh 16:10; 17:13; Judg 1:28, 30-35; Isa 31:8; Lam 1:1).
31 tn Heb “you must not see,” but, if translated literally into English, the statement is misleading.
32 tn Heb “brother’s” (also later in this verse). In this context it is not limited to one’s siblings, however; cf. NAB “your kinsman’s.”
33 tn Heb “hide yourself.”
34 tn The Hebrew text uses the infinitive absolute for emphasis, which the translation indicates with the words “without fail.”
35 tn Or “a parapet” (so NAB, NIV, NRSV); KJV “a battlement”; NLT “a barrier.”
36 tn Heb “that you not place bloodshed in your house.”
37 sn In light of v. 17 this would evidently be blood-stained sheets indicative of the first instance of intercourse. See E. H. Merrill, Deuteronomy (NAC), 302-3.
38 tn Heb “hated.” See note on the word “other” in Deut 21:15.
39 tn Heb “lying with” (so KJV, NASB), a Hebrew idiom for sexual relations.
40 tn Heb “a woman married to a husband.”
41 tn Heb “burn.” See note on the phrase “purge out” in Deut 21:21.
42 tn Heb “nocturnal happening.” The Hebrew term קָרֶה (qareh) merely means “to happen” so the phrase here is euphemistic (a “night happening”) for some kind of bodily emission such as excrement or semen. Such otherwise normal physical functions rendered one ritually unclean whether accidental or not. See Lev 15:16-18; 22:4.
43 tn Heb “from his brothers, from the sons of Israel.” The terms “brothers” and “sons of Israel” are in apposition; the second defines the first more specifically.
44 tn Or “and enslaves him.”
45 tn Heb “that thief.”
46 tn Heb “burn.” See note on the word “purge” in Deut 19:19.
47 tn Heb “to watch carefully and to do.”
48 tn Heb “and it will be that.”
49 tn Heb “the firstborn.” This refers to the oldest male child.
50 tn Or “household” (so NASB, NIV, NLT); Heb “house” (so KJV, NRSV).
51 tn The word “River” is not in the Hebrew text but has been supplied in the translation for clarity.
52 tn Heb “plaster” (so KJV, ASV; likewise in v. 4). In the translation “cover” has been used for stylistic reasons.
53 tn Heb “fathers.”
54 tn Heb “man,” but in a generic sense here.
55 tn The Hebrew term translated here “abhorrent” (תּוֹעֵבָה, to’evah) speaks of attitudes and/or behaviors so vile as to be reprehensible to a holy God. See note on the word “abhorrent” in Deut 7:25.
56 tn Heb “craftsman’s hands.”
57 tn Or “So be it!” The term is an affirmation expressing agreement with the words of the Levites.